Pinochet konnte mit Rückendeckung der Verfassung bis 1989 als Staatspräsident im Amt bleiben. "The Deceitful Nature of Socio-Economic Indicators". This more aggressive stance coincided with the election of Jimmy Carter who shifted the focus of U.S. foreign policy towards human rights. 1991 rief Präsident Aylwin die Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación unter Raul Rettig ein. These memorials have aided in Chile's reconciliation process, however, there is still debate amongst Chile as to whether these memorials do enough to bring the country together. Sein Schicksal dokumentierte einer seiner Söhne durch ein Buch und Interview. Opfer waren vor allem Mitglieder und Sympathisanten der gestürzten Allende-Regierung, Linksparteien und Gewerkschaften. [143] The dictatorship did however never suppressed Mexican music as a whole but came distinguish different strands, some of which were actually promoted. Collier, Simon, and William F Sater. The official story became that the three suspects had caused the explosion themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 14. Januar erhob Guzmán Anklage. Michelle Bachelet | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Pinochet&oldid=207633562, Träger des Ordens Bernardo O’Higgins (Großkreuz), Träger des Ordens des Befreiers San Martin, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto José Ramón (vollständiger Name). He praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" and took note of the role of the United States in instigating the coup by recalling his familiarity with coup-making processes. In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg. [83] They continued to operate throughout the 1990s, being designated as a terrorist organisation the U.S. Department of State and MI6, until supposedly ceasing to operate in 1999.[84]. Chile: The Pinochet constitution remains an obstacle to social and democratic progress. Chile went ahead with privatizations, including public utilities and the re-privatization of companies that had briefly returned to government control during the 1982–83 crisis. So it is a very effective demolition of any kind of attempt to … Ministerio Secretaría General de Gobierno (06 de noviembre de 1979), David Altma, “Latin America”, Referendums Around the World, 2018, Katrien Klep: Tracing collective memory: Chilean truth commissions and memorial sites, in: Memory Studies 3 (2012), p. 259-269, democratically-elected socialist government, Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile, International Committee of the Fourth International, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, plebiscite was scheduled for October 5, 1988, refused to be confronted to Chilean justice, "DL-77 13-OCT-1973 Ministerio del Interior", "Table 4: Democide Rank Ordered (1970–1979)", Controversial victims on Chile's official list, by Eva Vergara, Omaha World-Herald, August 18, 2011, "El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años", "New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military", "Violencia sexual contra mujeres en dictadura: un crimen invisibilizado « Diario y Radio U Chile", Cultura Verdadera Programa Completo del Lunes 14 de Diciembre de 2015, "Lifting of Pinochet's Immunity Renews Focus on Operation Condor", "Puerto Gala y Puerto Gaviota (1985-1993): Una mirada desde el triángulo de la violencia", "Organismos de DDHH denuncian un estado policial 'similar' al de Pinochet", "Nuevos condenados por falso enfrentamiento en dictadura", "Los Muertos en Falsos Enfrentamientos: Janequeo y Fuenteovejuna", 25 Chilean Soldiers Arrested in Burning of US Resident, "El día en que Manuel Contreras le ofreció al Sha de Irán matar a "Carlos, El Chacal, "Jaime Guzmán no fue un defensor de los Derechos Humanos en el Régimen de Pinochet", "Complicity and Responsibility in the Aftermath of the Pinochet Regime: The Case of, "About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress", "Revista de derecho (Valdivia) – Democracia y Constitucion en Chile", "El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)", "U.S. and Others Gave Millions To Pinochet", CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ». [63][65] Airforce General Fernando Matthei replaced Leigh as junta member. He returned to Chile in March 2000 but was not charged with the crimes against him. The Days of National Protest (Jornadas de Protesta Nacional) were days of civil demonstrations that periodically took place in Chile in the 1980s against the military junta. Perón justified his meeting with Pinochet stating that it was important to keep good relations with Chile under all circumstances and with whoever might be in government. Die chilenische Regierung bat London daraufhin, Pinochet aus humanitären Gründen freizulassen. Some key figures in the Nixon administration, such as Henry Kissinger, used the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. Eine andere Gruppe waren die blandos, die keine permanente Militärdiktatur anstrebten, diese unterstützten die Chicago Boys. Die von Aylwin begonnenen Reformen verhalfen Chile zu einem wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung. Instead, armed units led by generals Carlos Prats and Augusto Pinochet quickly put down the coup attempt. CIA-Dokumente, die 2015 freigegeben wurden, belegen, dass Pinochet persönlich den Mord angeordnet und seinen Geheimdienstchef Manuel Contreras damit beauftragt hatte. The U.S. went beyond verbal condemnation in 1976, after the murder of Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C., when it placed an embargo on arms sales to Chile that remained in effect until the restoration of democracy in 1989. He deleted some bank regulations, and simplified and reduced the corporate tax. There they were joined by delinquents who feared torture or death by the authorities. It is known, however, that the American Secretary of State at the time, Henry Kissinger, practiced a policy of supporting coups in nations which the United States viewed as leaning toward Communism.[103]. Der Leichnam wurde in der 130 Kilometer nordwestlich von Santiago de Chile gelegenen Küstenstadt Concón verbrannt. Arturo Alessandri | He participated in the design of important speeches of Pinochet, and provided frequent political and doctrinal advice and consultancy. For the most part, civilian collaborators with Pinochet have not broken the code of silence held by the military of the 1970s to 1990s. Anderson, Sean, and Stephen Sloan. While Britain regularly condemned the junta at the United Nations for its human rights abuses, bilateral relations between the two were not affected to the same degree. Jack Devine & Peter Kornbluh, 'Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile? Über Radio und Fernsehen verbot sie die linken politischen Vereinigungen, vor allem die Parteien der Unidad Popular, sie löste den Kongress auf und schränkte die Bürger-, Menschen- und politischen Rechte ein. Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983. Besonders die „reaktiven“, also den status quo verteidigenden Rechte waren umfassend, während „proaktive“, also ändernde Rechte schwächer ausgeprägt waren. Industrien wurden verstaatlicht oder unter staatliche Kontrolle gestellt, ausländische Unternehmen wurden enteignet. Januar 2001 veröffentlichte das Militär einen Bericht, in dem das Schicksal der „Verschwundenen“ (allerdings nur von 200 von mehr als 1100) untersucht wird: Angeblich wurden von den 18 Leichnamen 17 über dem Meer abgeworfen, was sich allerdings nicht belegen lässt. [33] However, these high estimates have not held to later scrutiny. During this time, the country was ruled by a military junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet. Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. Die Verhaftung löste in Chile Unruhen aus. [46] In the words of Alejandra Matus detained women were doubly punished, first for being "leftists" and second for not conforming to their ideal of women usually being called "perra" (lit. Mr Lagos, a socialist who began his political career by challenging the Pinochet regime in the 1980s, said he had asked the supreme court … Allamand and other young right-wingers also resented the dominance of the gremialist in SNJ, considering it a closed gremialist club. Some authors suggest that Argentina might have won the war had she been allowed to employ the VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades, which remained guarding the Andes mountain chain. To quell weeks of protest over extreme inequality, Chile's president has agreed to rewrite the country's constitution, passed in 1980 under the deadly military regime of Augusto Pinochet. Estimates of figures for victims of state violence vary. [43] The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front stated that 49 FPMR guerrillas were killed and hundreds tortured. Allende's regime therefore threatened the most important aspect of a woman's role. On September 11, 1973, Augusto Pinochet seized power in Chile by force. [143] Militaries dislike of Mexican music may be linked to the Allende administration's close links with Mexico, the "Mexican revolutionary discourse" and the over-all low prestige of Mexican music in Chile. Santiago's Court of Appeals on Tuesday convicted five ex-officials of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship for poisoning seven inmates at the former Chilean Public Prison in December 1981. [55], Several scholars including Paul Zwier,[56] Peter Winn[57] and human rights organizations[58] have characterized the dictatorship as a police state exhibiting "repression of public liberties, the elimination of political exchange, limiting freedom of speech, abolishing the right to strike, freezing wages. The figure was twice as much in neighbouring Argentina and Uruguay, and even higher in developed countries—South Korea attaining a record 98 per cent coverage. Er starb, ohne dass er für die Verbrechen während der Militärdiktatur wie zahlreiche andere südamerikanische Militärs dieser Zeit verurteilt wurde. Nach dem Militärputsch gegen Allende im Jahr 1973 etablierte sich in Chile eine Dikatur, die bis 1990 von Augusto Pinochet angeführt wurde. ), Nicholas van der Bijl and David Aldea, 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands , p. 28, Leo Cooper 2003. Er durfte nicht für Taten vor 1988 belangt werden, da Großbritannien erst 1988 der UN-Antifolterkonvention beigetreten war. [142] The government censored non-sympathetic individuals while taking control of mass media. [22] On 11 September 1973, the military launched a coup, with troops surrounding La Moneda Palace. Allende folgte dem Ratschlag des demokratischen und loyalen Prats und ernannte Augusto Pinochet noch im August zum Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres. Sie waren nicht Bestandteil der Verfassung, regelten aber zentrale Politikbereiche, etwa Zentralbank, Verfassungsgericht, Wahlrecht, Polizei und Militär. Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth. Unmittelbar nach dem Putsch gab es die meisten Opfer, sowohl von Folterungen als auch von politischen Morden. Following the restoration of Chilean democracy and during the successive administrations that followed Pinochet, the Chilean economy has prospered, and today the country is considered a Latin American success story. The Church published a newsletter called Solidarity published in Chile and abroad, and supplied the public with information through radio stations. [109][110] Relations between the two countries were restored only in 1986 when Corazon Aquino assumed the presidency of the Philippines after Marcos was ousted in a non-violent revolution, the People Power Revolution. Con- Manuel Balmaceda | Contemporary Chilean rock group Los Prisioneros complained against the ease with which Argentine Soda Stereo made appearances on Chilean TV or in Chilean magazines and the ease they could obtain musical equipment for concerts in Chile. Immediately after the coup MIR-aligned elements in Neltume, southern Chile, unseccusfully assaulted the local Carabino station. März 2000 freigelassen[18] und kehrte sofort nach Chile zurück. Juan Carlos I personally called Pinochet to let him know he was not welcome at his crowning.[136]. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (lahir 25 November 1915 – meninggal 10 Desember 2006 pada umur 91 tahun) adalah seorang jenderal, politikus dan diktator asal Chili yang berkuasa antara tahun 1973 hingga 1990, ia tetap menjadi Panglima Tertinggi Angkatan Darat Chili sampai tahun 1998 dan juga bertindak sebagai Presiden Pemerintahan Junta Chili antara tahun 1973 … Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. It is thought that the killing of the MIR leader Miguel Enríquez in 1974 could be an early case of a faked combat. [90] In 1982 the two biggest banks were nationalized to prevent an even worse credit crunch. Region). Die Urteilsfindung wurde durch ein langes politisches Tauziehen zwischen Großbritannien, Spanien, Chile und weiteren Ländern verzögert. Pinochet Years: Chile, 1973–1989 Verónica Valdivia Ortiz de Zárate C hile has historically viewed itself as atypical compared to other Latin American countries, especially because of the political stability achieved following indepen-dence and the marginality of the military from explicit involvement in politics. Then, Merino and Mendoza told me I should sign, because if not the junta would split. 139, April/Mai 2020, S. 36 ff, Abschlussbericht der „Comisión Nacional de Prisón Política y Tortura“, 2005, S. 228, zahlreiche andere südamerikanische Militärs dieser Zeit, Escuela Militar del Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación, Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura. Pedro Aguirre Cerda | The regime was characterized by the systematic suppression of political parties and the persecution of dissidents to an extent unprecedented in the history of Chile. Einige Generäle, duros genannt, traten für einen autoritären Korporatismus im Stile des Franquismus ein. [143] The cueca was named the national dance of Chile due to its substantial presence throughout the history of the country and announced as such through a public decree in the Official Journal (Diario Oficial) on November 6, 1979. Es gab Pläne eines Putsches im Falle einer Abstimmungsniederlage, diese wurden aber nicht in die Tat umgesetzt. September wurden 2131 Menschen aus politischen Gründen festgenommen, bis Ende des Jahres waren es 13.364. Britain's initial reaction to the overthrowing of Allende was one of caution. The MIR also executed an attack on the base of the Chilean Secret Police (Central Nacional de Informaciones, CNI), as well as several attempts on the lives of carabineros officials and a judge of the Supreme Court in Chile. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. The regime wasn’t that responsible for the one in 1975, because Chile had a bad economy prior to 1973, but it had its share of the blame for the 1982-1983 crisis. The Catholic Church, which at first expressed its gratitude to the armed forces for saving the country from the horrors of a "Marxist dictatorship" became, under the leadership of Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, the most outspoken critic of the regime's social and economic policies. [64] Leigh tried to fight his dismissal from the military and government junta but on July 24, 1978 his office was blocked by paratroopers. Diktiert von Rechtsvertretern der Militärjunta bestimmt sie bis heute das Schicksal des Landes. COPACHI was founded by Cardinal Raul Silve Henriquez, Archbishop of Santiago, as an immediate response to the repression of the Pinochet regime. Außerdem wurden viele Anklagepunkte der spanischen Justiz verworfen. Pinochet's detention. The coup was the result of multiple forces, including pressure from conservative and women's groups, certain political parties, union strikes and other domestic unrest, as well as international factors. Ximena Buster, 'Watch out for the little nazi man that all of have inside: The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile', Women's Studies International Forum, 11:5, p. 490. Die Ideen der Chicagoer Schule prägen die bis heute geltende Verfassung von 1980. Salvador Allende | Nach der Einäscherung wurde die Urne mit Pinochets sterblichen Überresten auf Wunsch von Pinochets Familie in der Privatkapelle des Landsitzes Los Boldos in Bucalemu aufbewahrt, in dem der Ex-Diktator in den Sommermonaten die Wochenenden verbracht hatte. [158] The latest is Russia, for whom David Christian warned in 1991 that "dictatorial government presiding over a transition to capitalism seems one of the more plausible scenarios, even if it does so at a high cost in human rights violations."[159]. Dezember 2004 erhob der zuständige Untersuchungsrichter in Santiago de Chile, Juan Guzmán, Anklage wegen Entführung von neun Personen (im Rahmen der Operation Condor) und Mord bei einem der Entführungsopfer und wegen der Ermordung von 119 Regimegegnern im Jahr 1975. [45] 316 women have reported to have subject to rape by soldiers and agents of the dictatorship, however the number is believed to much larger due to the preference of many women to avoid talking about this. Leftist guerrilla groups and their sympathizers were also hit hard during the military regime. Die Festnahmen erfolgten meist in Fabriken, Universitäten und Gebäuden von Regierung, Linksparteien und Gewerkschaften. Pinochet died in 2006, before any of his crimes could be brought to trial. [142] A key musician, Víctor Jara, was tortured and killed by elements of the military. In der ersten Jahreshälfte 1973 wurden die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Spannungen derart gravierend, dass der Kongress am 22. [148] [39] Some of the most famous cases of desaparecidos are Charles Horman, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself,[41] Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara, and the October 1973 Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte) where at least 70 persons were killed. Bei der Verfolgung von chilenischen Oppositionellen kam es auch zu Gewaltverbrechen des chilenischen Militärs im Ausland. Er durfte unbegrenzt Besuch empfangen; unter anderem ließ er zu Weihnachten einen Priester aus Chile einfliegen. Oktober von der britischen Polizei in London festgenommen wurde. Carlos Ibáñez | [156] Mass protests broke out throughout Santiago, due to increasing prices of the metro ticket. Although France received many Chilean political refugees, it also secretly collaborated with Pinochet. Die Verfassung sah eine starke Stellung des Präsidenten vor. Chile's main industry, copper mining, remained in government hands, with the 1980 Constitution declaring them "inalienable,"[88] but new mineral deposits were open to private investment. "In Chile, no one argues about what happened. Pinochet did not endorse any candidate publicly. Once their training was completed, Cuba helped the guerrillas return to Chile, providing false passports and false identification documents. [40] 1,850 of them were killed, another 1,300 are still missing to this day. Subsequently, MIR conducted several operations against the Pinochet government until the late 1980s. Der Entwurf wurde von der Junta aber nochmals stark abgeändert. ‘The Pinochet regime brought Chile political stability and economic improvement, where before there had been political and economic chaos”. SANTIAGO, Chile — Two months before Tamara Lagos was born in 1984, her father was killed by agents of the Chilean dictatorship of Gen. Augusto Pinochet. A full-scale war was prevented only by the call off of the operation by Argentina due to military and political reasons. The Pinochet regime employed a number of repressive tactics to bring political stability to Chile. [150], Experimental theatre groups from Universidad de Chile and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile were restricted by the military regime to performing only theatre classics. [162] These memorials were built by family members of the victims, the government and ex-prisoners of the dictatorship. By state agents during Augusto Pinochet angeführt wurde 1973 hatte der damals 58-jährige Pinochet den demokratisch gewählten marxistisch-sozialistischen Salvador! [ 30 ], there were also internal exiles who due to increasing prices of the Boys! 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